The aim of this study is to examine the hypoglycemic and antimicrobial effects of Cousinia davisiana, C. foliosa, C. ramosissima, and C. stenocephala species, which are included in the Stenocephalae section. Within the scope of the study, after the above-ground parts of the plants were collected, their extracts were prepared by maceration at room temperature with methanol, and the a-amylase, a-glucosidase inhibitory, and antimicrobial effects of these extracts were determined. When the results were evaluated, among the plants, the C. ramosissima extract was found to be more active in a-amylase with 246.784±1.528 µg mL-1 values compared to other extracts and higher a-amylase activity and a-glucosidase (155.458±0.279 µg mL-1) effect compared to acarbose. It was also found that the extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity. Apart from this, it was determined that the active extract contained phenolic compounds and flavonoids intensely as a result of the examination by LC-MS/MS. Although the results of this study prove for the first time that especially C. ramosissima extract has effective a-amylase and a-glucosidase inhibitory effects, further studies are needed to show that these extracts can help reduce postprandial glucose levels.

In this study, the effects of essential oils obtained from above-ground parts of Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Bentham, Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn. & Bornm.) Bornm. and Salvia nemorosa L. belonging to the Lamiaceae family collected from Igdir province against important pests of stored products, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L., 1758), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens, 1831), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1861, and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775), were investigated. The obtained essential oils of these plants were prepared in three replications at 5, 10, and 15 µl Petri-1 doses under 25 ± 1 °C temperature and 65 ± 5% relative humidity conditions. LC50 and LC90 values were determined by looking at the mortality rates at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours at different times. As a result of the studies, the toxicity levels of essential oils derived from Salvia species changed depending on the type of insect and plant, the concentration applied and the time after application, and the highest effect was obtained from the essential oil of S. hydrangea.

In this study, it was aimed to determine some characteristics and theoretical cellulosic bioethanol potential in the biomass of sweet sorghum genotypes grown under GAP and Çukurova conditions. In this sense, 49 different sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr.] genotypes obtained from various domestic and foreign sources were evaluated as material. Field experiments were conducted under second-crop conditions in Çukurova (Adana) and GAP (Sanliurfa) locations in 2015. Moisture, ash, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content analysis based on the dry matter were performed in the biomass of the sweet sorghum genotypes and theoretical cellulosic bioethanol yields were calculated. Based on the study findings, the difference between genotypes in both locations in terms of all parameters examined was statistically significant at p=0.01 level. In the Çukurova location, moisture, ash, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of genotypes changed between 77.21-90.82%, 5.26-11.01%, 20.42-33.27%, 15.90-24.58%, and 3.53-9.67%, respectively. Also, theoretical cellulosic bioethanol yield was obtained as 121.5- 192.1 L ton-1 biomass and 205.9-1428.5 L da-1. For genotypes in GAP location; moisture, ash, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents changed between 64.80-88.07%, 4.60-10.46%, 18.35-27.92%, 15.60-24.22%, and 3.83-9.12%, respectively. Theoretical cellulosic bioethanol yield was obtained as 115.9-164.1 L ton-1 biomass and 352.7-1348.1 L da-1. UNL-hybrid-3, PI579753, and Theis genotypes for the Çukurova location and No41, Corina and Topper 76 genotypes for the GAP location had higher theoretical cellulosic bioethanol yield than other genotypes. In addition, it was determined that Cowley, M81-E, PI579753, Smith, Theis, Topper 76, No91, and No41 genotypes were common genotypes with a theoretical bioethanol yield above 1000 L da-1 in both locations. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the sweet sorghum plant, with its high bioethanol yield per unit area in different locations in Türkiye conditions, can be an important alternative agricultural resource today, where the search for different energy sources is increasing.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effectiveness of the marketing organization of tomato production in the open field in Hatay, which is located in the Mediterranean region in the south of Türkiye, and to determine the problems experienced during production and marketing and to present solutions. Data were collected by conducting interviews with the help of two different questionnaires, the producers who grow tomatoes in the open field and the intermediaries engaged in the trade of tomatoes in the open field. “Simple Random Sampling Method” was used while determining the number of producers to be surveyed. The research was conducted in the Arsuz, Reyhanli, Samandag, Antakya, and Kirikhan districts of Hatay province in 2020. The surveys were completed by interviewing 60 producers and 10 intermediaries engaged in open-field tomato production. It has been determined that farm owners with an average age of 50.47 years have been producing tomatoes for an average of 16.13 years. The tomatoes produced are table and tomato paste. Producers sell 94.44% of the table tomatoes they produce to the vegetable marketplace and 5.56% to the local farmers market. 96.00% of the tomato paste was sold to the processing plant and 4.00% was sold to the local market. Produced tomatoes were classified in 59 enterprises before the sale. The classification was made according to maturity and size. Trucks and tractors are used for transportation, while the products are transported from the enterprise with crates. The remaining enterprise does not classify. The average sales price of tomatoes to brokers is 1.43 TL, and the average retail price is 4.20 TL, with a relative margin of 34.04%. Business owners stated that the sales price of the product is determined according to the supply and demand in the market conditions of that day. Businesses stated that while purchasing products by brokers, they act according to product quality at a rate of 68.35% and according to the number of products at a rate of 31.65%. The most important marketing problems of the producers in the research area were the low price of the product, the lack of organization, the lack of product storage, and the high transportation costs. The results of the research show that if the current marketing problems in open tomato production are eliminated, the production areas can expand in the coming years, and the income of the producers will increase thanks to the increase in the production amount and reasonable product prices.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], with high oil and protein content, is one of the worlds main nutritional sources and millions of hectares are given over to its cultivation. Intensive farming and producing multiple crops per year (such as second-crop soybean cultivation), can improve natural resource exploitation and productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of some soybean cultivars on yield and yield components in lowland conditions in the Mardin province over the main-crop and second-crop seasons. This research was carried out in the lowland conditions of Mardin province in Türkiye in 2018 and 2019. The A-3127, Arisoy, Ataem-7, Blaze, Bravo, Cinsoy, Gapsoy-16, Lider, May-5312, Nova, SA-88, and Umut-2002 cultivars were used as plant material in this research. Since the region is suitable for growing double crops per year, soybean field trials were carried out both as a main crop and as a second-cropped. Sowing dates and 12 different soybean cultivars were taken as factors in the research. The first sowing took place on April 16, the second on April 25, the third on June 15, and the fourth on June 30 in both years of the research. Two sowings were the main crop, while the other two were second-crop. According to the results, the A-3127 (3700 kg ha-1) and Gapsoy-16 (3694 kg ha-1) cultivars produced the highest seed yield. The Arisoy (676 kg ha-1), Gapsoy-16 (676 kg ha-1), A-3127 (662 kg ha-1), and Cinsoy (662 kg ha-1) cultivars produced the most oil yield. The study determined that early sowing increases overall yield while late sowing decreases seed yield significantly (on average by 30%). For this region and in areas with similar agricultural environments where double-crop can be grown each year, early cultivars for a second crop may be recommended to reduce the vegetable food and oil deficit.

The decreases in the nutritional value of foods and food safety issues resulting from the methods developed to increase food production have become the most important nutritional problems encountered all over the world. To solve these problems, agricultural and food processing methods are purified from all kinds of chemicals, hormones, and genetically modified organisms. The objectives of this study are i) to determine which of the environmentally friendly and certified organic foods are consumed the most, consumer preferences regarding these foods, the perception of the consumers on the concept/definition of organic food, and the expectations of the consumers after organic food consumption, ii) to compare the perception of organic food concept/definition and post-consumption expectations of organic food consumers and non-consumers. This study was carried out in the Samsun province of Türkiye where 19.6 thousand metric tons/year of organic agricultural products are produced. A total of 480 people participated in the study, of which 240 were consuming organic products and 240 were not consuming organic products. Results and statistical data were evaluated using frequency, descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t-test. According to the findings of study, more than half of the organic products consumed are milk, dairy, poultry, fresh fruit, and vegetable products. Most consumers agree that organic products are hormone-free and produced without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, those who are aware that organic products are certified products are mostly organic food consumers. Some participants still consider organic products to be only natural or farmer products. In terms of expectations after organic product consumption, both groups consider that the prices of organic products are high, sales points and marketplaces should be accessible, purchasing attempt depends on income, and organic products are bought due to the positive effects of organic foods on health, environment, and farmers.

For settlements with a high population density, the most suitable way of safe and economical transportation is public transportation. Therefore, developed and developing countries direct people to public transportation to reduce carbon emissions and minimize traffic-related problems in cities. In this research, the effect of the light rail system, which started operating in the Atakum district of Samsun in 2010, on the housing rents in the district was revealed. The research material consists of data obtained from 384 surveys conducted with households residing as tenants in the Atakum district. In the research, the Hedonic Price Model was used to determine the factors affecting house rent. According to the model results, it has been determined that the rents of residences decrease as the distance from the rail system station increases. Every 100-meter distance from the rail system station leads to a 1.3% reduction in residential rent. Apart from the rail system, the other variables that affect the housing rent and are found to be significant are; the size of the house, the quality of the material of the house, the presence of a dressing room and an en-suite bathroom, the age of the house, and the location of the house in a socio-economically developed neighborhood. It is thought that the results of the research will be useful to politicians, transportation plans of municipalities, real estate sector investors, and researchers.

The aim of this study is to conduct a desertification risk assessment of natural pine forest lands within the boundaries of Ilgaz Mountain National Park, taking into account the indicators considered in the Desertification Indicator System for Mediterranean Europe (DIS4ME) approach to the desertification risk assessment of areas covered with pine forests. Eight indicators (rainfall, drought, soil texture, stoniness, vegetation cover, slope, depth and aspect) were considered in the desertification risk assessment. However, unlike the DIS4ME approach, the indicator index values considered in this study were not taken directly from the model and were more refined with the Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchical Process (Fuzzy-AHP) approach. To determine the basic physico-chemical properties of the soils, 151 soil samples were taken from the study area. In terms of desertification risk assessment of soils within the Ilgaz Mountain National Park area, it has been determined that most of the area is under desertification risk. In addition, the model results obtained in the study were estimated with artificial neural networks (ANN). According to the results obtained, it has been determined that the risk of desertification can be estimated with 99% accuracy in determining.

This study was carried out to determine the sensitivity reactions of 11 different apple (Malus domestica L.) varieties against Erwinia amylovora. In 2014 and 2015, 79 bacterial strains were isolated from diseased plant samples taken from Igdir province, 58 of them were identified as E. amylovora by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Colony color, gram reaction, catalase, oxidase, fluorescent pigment, levan colony formation, and growth characteristics at 36 °C of the strains were determined. Stark Crimson, Joremini, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Aztec, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala, Amasya, Golden Reinders, and Pink Lady apple cultivars were used in the susceptibility test against fire blight disease. The susceptibility of the cultivars was evaluated depending on the leaf and shoot inoculation. As a result of leaf reaction; Pink Lady was highly susceptible, 4 varieties (Jeromine, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala, and Amasya) were susceptible and 6 varieties (Stark Crimson, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec, and Golden Reinders) were moderately susceptible. According to evaluations of shoot reaction; 8 varieties (Stark Crimson, Jeromine, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec, Granny Smith, and Mondial Gala) were less susceptible and 3 varieties (Amasya, Golden Reinders, and Pink Lady) were moderately susceptible.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the socio-demographic and economic factors that affect consumers willingness to buy and market local products online. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 384 participants who made internet shopping in Kahramanmaras between December 2019 and July 2020, and the data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics and a Chi-square test. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the variables of age, education level, income level, food expenditure, e-commerce experience, credit card usage status, and researching before shopping were important in the willingness to buy local products online. It has been determined that the variables of gender, spousal working status, income level, monthly savings amount, purchasing local products, and making price comparisons are effective on the willingness to market local products online. Due to the significant benefits of local products in terms of contributing to both local and national economies, increasing employment opportunities, adding new functionality to entrepreneurial activities, and leaving an important legacy of cultural and sustainable food consumption to future generations, it is important to encourage the purchase and marketing of local products through the internet.

In this study, ten different sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars registered in Türkiye were investigated for their sowing dates as a second crop in the lowlands of Mardin province, in 2018 and 2019. In this study, ten different sesame cultivars were used; these were Arslanbey, Boydak, Cumhuriyet-99, Hatipoglu, Muganli-57, Orhangazi-99, Osmanli-99, Sarisu, Tan-99, and Tanas. Four different sowing dates (June 5, June 15, June 25, and July 4) were examined for these cultivars. In this study, agricultural parameters such as plant height, number of lateral branches, number of capsules, seed yield, oil ratio, and oil yield of the sesame cultivars were investigated. Different sowing dates were found to have a significant effect on the sesame cultivars. The second sowing date resulted in the highest plant height, number of branches, number of capsules, seed yield, oil content, and oil yield (June 15). In terms of cultivars, the Boydak and Sarisu had the highest seed yield (2184 and 2149 kg ha-1, respectively), the Osmanli-99 (54.6%) had the highest oil ratio, and the Sarisu and Boydak had the highest oil yield (1075 and 1062 kg ha-1, respectively). The Boydak and Sarisu cultivars are promising for high seed and oil yields in the second crop sowing, and a sowing date of June 15 is advised.